Petroleum Reduction Planning Tool Assumptions and Methodology

The Petroleum Reduction Planning Tool is a tool to help your vehicle fleet evaluate different methods for reducing petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For more information about the methodology, assumptions, and calculations used for each of the savings methods see the sections below:

• Replace Vehicles
• Use Alternative Fuel in Existing Vehicles
• Reduce Idling
• Reduce Mileage
• Drive Efficiently

Replace Vehicles

Replacing older vehicles with more fuel efficient and alternative fuel vehicles can reduce fuel costs and greenhouse gas emissions. See the explanations of the data and calculations below for replacing vehicles with new vehicles.

Substituting Fuel Type and Fuel Economy (with standard Powertrain)

The following values and variables are used when replacing a vehicle with a new vehicle that uses a new fuel type, has a new fuel economy (MPG), and a standard powertrain.

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that will use the alternative fuel.
Type of Vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Fuel Economy (MPG)	MPG MPG_new	Estimate the fuel economy for the vehicle(s). You may estimate the fuel economy (MPG) for each vehicle make and model using conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel) from your records. You can look up published fuel economy data for most vehicles available from fueleconomy.gov. Default values based on vehicle type are available in Table 2. Because the default values are based on national averages, they may vary significantly from your experience. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when available. Determine the published fuel economy of your replacement vehicle from fueleconomy.gov. If you do not know the type of vehicle you have you may use a default value, based on vehicle type in Table 2.
Miles traveled per year per vehicle	VMT	Estimate the number of miles that each vehicle will accumulate on average annually. If you do not have access to this data, default values are available in Table 4.
Powertrain	---	Standard
Alt Fuel Used (%)	Alt_fraction	Estimate the amount of time the new vehicle will use an alternative fuel. This value will be 100 for a vehicle that uses a single dedicated type of fuel; this value could be significantly lower for a vehicle capable of running an alternative or conventional fuel (for example, E85 flex fuel vehicle).

Data Sources and Assumptions

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor Alt_GGE_factor_conv Alt_GGE_factor	LHVfuel /LHVgasoline for the old vehicle New vehicle using the conventional fuel New vehicle using alternative fuel. Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional GHG_alt_conv GHG_alt	Old vehicle using its conventional fuel New vehicle using conventional fuel New vehicle using alternative fuel. Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current Fuel_cost_alt_new Fuel_cost_alt	Fuel cost for old vehicle. Fuel cost for new vehicle using conventional vehicle Fuel cost for new vehicle using alternative fuel. Note: If the old vehicle is gasoline and the new vehicle is an E85 flex fuel vehicle and operates a portion of the time on gasoline then Fuel_cost_current = Fuel_cost_alt_new. Values found in Table 6.

Calculations

• Gallons of conventional fuel used
  Base_fuel_used = (Veh*VMT)/MPG

• Gallons of conventional fuel used by new vehicle
  New_veh_used = (Veh*VMT)/MPG_new

• Gallons of alternative fuel used by new vehicle
  Alt_fuel_used_new=New_veh_used*Alt_fraction

• Gallons of gasoline equivalent of conventional fuel saved
  GGE_savings = (Base_fuel_used*Conventional_GGE_factor) - [(New_veh_used-Alt_fuel_used_new) + (Alt_fuel_used_new*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*Blend_frac)]*Alt_GGE_factor_conv

• Amount of Greenhouse Gases reduced by fuel substitution
  GHG_reduction = (Base_fuel_used*GHG_conventional*Conventional_GGE_factor) - [(New_veh_used*(1-Alt_fraction)*Alt_GGE_factor_conv)*GHG_alt_conv + (Alt_fuel_used_new*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*Alt_GGE_factor*GHG_alt)]

• Yearly fuel cost savings resulting from fuel and vehicle substitution
  Cost = (Base_fuel_used*Fuel_cost_current) - [(New_veh_used*(1-Alt_fraction)*Fuel_cost_alt_new + (Alt_Fuel_used_new*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*Fuel_cost_alt)]

Substituting Fuel Type and Fuel Economy (with new Powertrain)

The following values and variables are used when replacing a vehicle with a new vehicle that uses a new fuel type, has a new fuel economy (MPG), and a new powertrain.

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that will use the alternative fuel (Veh).
Type of vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Fuel economy	MPG MPG_cs MPG_cd	Estimate the fuel economy for the vehicle(s). You may estimate the fuel economy for each vehicle make and model using conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel) from your records. You can look up published fuel economy data for most vehicles available from fueleconomy.gov. Default values based on vehicle type are available in Table 2 (MPG). Because the default values are based on national averages, they may vary significantly from your experience. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when available. Determine the published fuel economy of your replacement vehicle from fueleconomy.gov. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) will have a single fuel economy number (in miles per gallon). All-electric vehicles (EVs) will have a single fuel economy number (in kWh/100 mi). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will typically have two fuel economy numbers reported for the charge sustaining mode (in miles per gallon denoted by MPG_cs) and for the charge depleting mode (in kWh/100 mi denoted by MPG_cd). If the fuel economy data for your replacement vehicle is unavailable you may use a default value, based on vehicle type from Table 3. Note: The default values in Table 3 are modeled values based on NREL's Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim). FASTSim predicts energy consumption of advanced powertrains over a wide range of vehicle classifications. Because the default values are based on modeled predictions, they may vary significantly; please refer to the notes at the end of this section. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data or data from fueleconomy.gov data when available.
Miles traveled per year per vehicle	VMT	Estimate the number of miles that each vehicle will accumulate on average annually. If you do not have access to this data, default values are available in Table 4.
Alt fuel use (%)	Alt_fraction	Estimate the amount of time the new vehicle will use an alternative fuel. This value will be 100 for a vehicle that uses a single dedicated type of fuel; this value could be significantly lower for a vehicle capable of running an alternative or conventional fuel (for example, E85 flex fuel vehicle).

Data Sources and Assumptions for Calculations

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel New_GGE_factor_alt_fuel New_GGE_factor_elec	LHVfuel/LHVgasoline for the old vehicle New vehicle using the conventional fuel New vehicle using alternative fuel. New vehicle using electricity. Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional GHG_new_conv_fuel GHG_new_alt_fuel GHG_new_elec	Old vehicle using its conventional fuel New vehicle using conventional fuel New vehicle using alternative fuel. New vehicle using electricity. Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current Fuel_cost_new_conv Fuel_cost_new_alt Fuel_cost_new_elec	Fuel cost for old vehicle. Fuel cost for new vehicle using conventional vehicle Fuel cost for new vehicle using alternative fuel. Fuel cost for new vehicle using electricity. Values found in Table 6.
Fleet Utility Factor	FUF	The Fleet Utility Factor is used from Table 3 based on the particular type of vehicle you chose. The utility factor is described in SAE J2481 and defines the fraction of driving in each of the fundamental modes, charge sustaining and charge depleting, based on the vehicles all electric or charge depleting range.

Calculations for Replacing a Vehicle with New Powertrain

• Gallons of conventional fuel used by base vehicle
  Base_fuel_used = (Veh*VMT)/MPG

• Gallons of primary fuel required for the new vehicle
  PHEV_combined_fuel_use = (Veh*VMT*(1 - FUF))/MPG_cs

• Gallons of alternative fuel used by the new vehicle
  Alt_fuel_used_PHEV = PHEV_combined_fuel_use*Alt_fraction

• GGE of electricity required by the new vehicle
  PHEV_elec_fuel_used = Veh*VMT*FUF*New_GGE_factor_elec*(MPG_cd/100)

• Gallons of gasoline equivalent of conventional fuel saved
  GGE_savings = (Base_fuel_used*Conventional_GGE_factor) - [(PHEV_combined_fuel_use* (1 - Alt_fraction)* New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel) + (Alt_fuel_used_PHEV*(New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel/New_GGE_factor_alt_fuel) *New_GGE_factor_alt_fuel*Blend_frac)]

• Amount of greenhouse gases reduced by fuel substitution
  GHG_reduction = (Base_fuel_used*Conventional_GGE_factor*GHG_conventional) - ((PHEV_combined_fuel_use*(1- Alt_fractiontion)*New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel)GHG_new_conv_fuel) - ((Alt_fuel_used_PHEV*(New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel/New_GGE_factor_alt_fue)*New_GGE_factor_alt_fuel)*GHG_new_alt_fuel) - (PHEV_elec_fuel_used* GHG_new_elec)

• Yearly fuel cost savings resulting from fuel and vehicle substitution
  Cost = (Base_fuel_used *Fuel_cost_current) - [( PHEV_combined_fuel_use*(1 - Alt_fractiontion))*Fuel_cost_new_conv) - (Alt_fuel_used_PHEV*(New_GGE_factor_conv_fuel/New_GGE_factor_alt_fuel)*Fuel_cost_new_alt) - ((PHEV_elec_fuel_used/New_GGE_Factor_elec)*Fuel_cost_new_elec)]

Use Alternative Fuel in Existing Vehicles

Several alternative fuels may be used to displace petroleum. The following section outlines the methodology for calculating petroleum reduction using alternative fuels in existing vehicles.

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that will use the alternative fuel (Veh).
Type of vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Fuel economy	MPG	Estimate the fuel economy for the vehicle(s). You may estimate the fuel economy for each vehicle make and model using conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel) from your records. You can look up published fuel economy data for most vehicles available from fueleconomy.gov. Default values based on vehicle type are available in Table 2. Because the default values are based on national averages, they may vary significantly from your experience. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when available.
Miles traveled per year per vehicle	VMT	Estimate the number of miles that each vehicle will accumulate on average annually. If you do not have access to this data, default values are available in Table 4.
Alt fuel use (%)	Alt_fraction	Estimate the amount of time the vehicle will use the alternative fuel. This value will be 100 for a vehicle that uses a single dedicated type of fuel. This value could be significantly lower for a vehicle capable of running an alternative or conventional fuel (e.g. E85 flex fuel vehicles).

Data Sources and Assumptions

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor	LHVfuel/LHVgasoline for the old vehicle Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional GHG_alt_conv GHG_alt	Vehicle using its conventional fuel Vehicle using conventional fuel Vehicle using alternative fuel Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current Fuel_cost_alt_new Fuel_cost_alt	Fuel cost for old vehicle. Fuel cost for new vehicle using conventional vehicle Fuel cost for new vehicle using alternative fuel. Note: If the old vehicle is gasoline and the new vehicle is an E85 flex fuel vehicle and operates a portion of the time on gasoline then Fuel_cost_current = Fuel_cost_alt_new. Values found in Table 6.

Calculations

• Gallons of baseline fuel used
  Base_fuel_used = (Veh*VMT)/MPG

• Gallons of Alternative fuel used in alternative fueled vehicle
  Alt_fuel_used =Base_fuel_used*Alt_fraction

• Gallons of base fuel used in alternative fueled vehicle
  Fuel_used =Base_fuel_used*(1-Alt_fraction)

• Gallons of gasoline equivalent reduced
  GGE_saved = Alt_fuel_used*Alt_GGE_factor_conv) - [(Alt_fuel_used*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)* (Alt_GGE_factor_conv)*Blend_frac)]*Alt_GGE_factor_conv

• Amount of Greenhouse Gases reduced by fuel substitution
  GHG_reduction = (Base_fuel_used*Conventional_GGE_factor*GHG_conventional) - [(Fuel_used*Alt_GGE_factor_conv*GHG_alt_conv) + (Alt_fuel_used*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*Alt_GGE_factor*GHG_alt)]

• Amount of cost savings realized by fuel substitution
  Cost = (Base_fuel_used*Fuel_cost_current) - [(fuel_used*Fuel_cost_alt_new) + (Alt_fuel_used*(Alt_GGE_factor_conv/Alt_GGE_factor)*fuel_cost_alt)]

Idle Time Reduction

Idle time reduction refers to times when a vehicle is turned off instead of left idling. Idle time reduction strategies can be as simple as stopping the vehicles engine at stop lights or while parked during a delivery. Idle reduction strategies may also encompass methodologies such as truck stop electrification, where the driver plugs his vehicle in to power necessary systems rather than idling, or using on-board auxiliary power units. The following section outlines the methodology for calculating petroleum reduction using idle reduction.

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that will use the alternative fuel (Veh).
Type of vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Idling time (hrs/day)	OIT NIT	Estimate the time the vehicle(s) spend idling in hours each day. Estimate the new idle time limits in hours each day.
Days per year	Days	Estimate the number of days per year that the targeted vehicle(s) operate. This may be determined from your records or you may use a default value from Table 5. However, since default values are based on nationwide statistics, they may vary considerably from your data. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when possible.

Data Sources and Assumptions

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor	LHVfuel/LHVgasoline for the old vehicle Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional	Vehicle using its conventional fuel Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current	Fuel cost for vehicle. Values found in Table 6.

Calculations

• Gallons of conventional fuel saved
  GGE_saved =Veh*(OIT - NIT)*Conventional_GGE_factor*days*Idle_use

• Amount of Greenhouse Gases reduced
  GHG_reduction = GGE_saved*GHG_conventional

• Amount of cost savings realized
  Cost = (GGE_save/Conventional_GGE_factor)*Fuel_cost_current

Reduce Mileage

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction refers to substituting conventional travel with a mode of transportation that reduces petroleum consumption. This includes methods such as biking, walking, eliminating trips or increasing the efficiency of existing vehicles by using mass transit or developing advanced fleet strategies, such as route planning. The following section outlines the methodology for calculating petroleum reduction reduced mileage.

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that employ the fuel economy improvements.
Type of vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Fuel Economy	MPG	Estimate the fuel economy for the vehicle(s). You may estimate the fuel economy for each vehicle make and model using conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel) from your records. You can look up published fuel economy data for most vehicles available from fueleconomy.gov. Default values based on vehicle type are available in Table 2. Because the default values are based on national averages, they may vary significantly from your experience. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when available.
Miles traveled per year per vehicle	VMT VMT_new	Estimate the number of miles that each vehicle accumulates on average annually. If you do not have access to this data, default values are available in Table 4. Determine the new annual vehicle miles traveled you expect with your planned reduction.

Data Sources and Assumptions

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor	LHVfuel/LHVgasoline for the vehicle(s) Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional	Vehicle using its conventional fuel Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current	Fuel cost for vehicle. Values found in Table 6.

Calculations

• Gallons of gasoline equivalent of conventional fuel saved
  GGE_saved = (Veh*(VMT - VMT_new)*Conventional_GGE_factor)/MPG

• Amount of Greenhouse Gases reduced fuel substitution
  GHG_reduction = GGE_saved*GHG_conventional

• Amount of cost savings realized by fuel substitution
  Cost = (GGE_saved/Conventional_GGE_factor)*Fuel_cost_current

Drive Efficiently

There exist a number of methods to improve the fuel economy of a vehicle or fleet of vehicles. Technologies in this category include such things as changing driver behavior (for example, reducing fast starts) and improved maintenance (for example, proper tire inflation).

Data Entry

Value	Variable	Description
Number of Vehicles	Veh	Enter the number of vehicles that employ the fuel economy improvements.
Type of vehicle	---	Choose the vehicle type from the selections based on type and size.
Fuel Economy	MPG	Estimate the fuel economy for the vehicle(s). You may estimate the fuel economy for each vehicle make and model using conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel) from your records. You can look up published fuel economy data for most vehicles available from fueleconomy.gov. Default values based on vehicle type are available in Table 2. Because the default values are based on national averages, they may vary significantly from your experience. It is strongly recommended that you use your own data when available.
Miles traveled per year per vehicle	VMT VMT_new	Estimate the number of miles that each vehicle will accumulate on average annually. If you do not have access to this data, default values are available in Table 4.
Fuel Economy Improvement (%)	MPG_improvement	Estimate the percentage improvement in fuel economy you expect from fuel economy improvements such as driver behavior changes, proper maintenance of vehicles, etc.

Data Sources and Assumptions

Value	Variable	Description
GGE conversion factors	Conventional_GGE_factor	LHVfuel/LHVgasoline for the old vehicle Values found in Table 1.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor	GHG_conventional	Vehicle using its conventional fuel Values found in Table 1.
Fuel Cost	Fuel_cost_current	Fuel cost for vehicle. Values found in Table 6.

Calculations

• Target fuel economy
  MPG_new = (1+MPG_improvement)*MPG

• Gasoline gallons equivalent of conventional fuel saved
  GGE_saved = (Veh*VMT*Conventional_GGE_factor)*(1/MPG - 1/MPG_new)

• Amount of Greenhouse Gases reduced with fuel substitution
  GHG_reduction = GGE_saved*GHG_conventional

• Amount of cost savings realized by switching fuels
  Cost = GGE_saved*Fuel_cost_current

Data Values and Conversion Factors

The following tables contain the values used for variables in the sections above.

Table 1. Basic Conversion Factors

Fuel	GGE Conversion Factors LHVfuel/LHVgasoline (GGE/Unit of fuel)	GHG Conversion Factors (lb/GGE)	Blend Fraction (%)	Source
Gasoline	1.0	24.8	1.0	GREET1-2011
E85	0.727	20.9	0.19
Natural Gas (CNG)	1.0	22.4	1.0
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)	0.649	22.3	1.0
Propane (LPG)	0.737	22.5	1.0
Diesel	1.124	25.4	1.0
B5	1.119	24.5	0.95
B10	1.115	23.6	0.9
B20	1.107	21.7	0.8
B100	1.038	3.1	1.0
Electricity	0.0296	56.2	1.0

Table 2. Fuel Economy (MPG) (All values in miles per gallon)

Parameter	Value	Source
Gasoline Cars
Mini-compact	26.0	AEO 2011 (Table 70) 2011 new car values adjusted by degradation factor (Report No. EPA-420-R-10-023 November 2010, Table A4)
Sub-compact	26.9
Compact	25.7
Midsize	24.9
Large	24.1
Diesel Cars
Compact	31.6	AEO 2011 (Table 70) 2011 new car values adjusted by degradation factor (Report No. EPA-420-R-10-023 November 2010, Table A4)
Midsize	30.7
Gasoline Light-duty Trucks
Small pickup	19.3	AEO 2011 (Table 70) 2011 new car values adjusted by degradation factor (Report No. EPA-420-R-10-023 November 2010, Table A4)
Large pickup	17.7
Small van	21.4
Large van	21.2
Small sport utility vehicle	22.2
Large sport utility vehicle	22.0
Diesel Light-duty Trucks
Large pickup	22.0	AEO 2011 (Table 70) 2011 new car values adjusted by degradation factor (Report No. EPA-420-R-10-023 November 2010, Table A4)
Large van	26.3
Small SUV	26.9
Large SUV	21.8
Gasoline Medium-duty Trucks
MD truck 10,000-14,000 lbs	7.6	TEDB 30th Edition, Davis et al. 2011, Table 5.4; class 3 adjusted for spark ignition and LHV gasoline
Diesel Medium/Heavy-duty Trucks
MD truck 10,000-14,000 lbs	10.5	TEDB 30th Edition,Davis et al. 2011, Table 5.4
MD truck 14,001-26,000 lbs	7.3
Heavy-duty truck > 26,000	6.0

Table 3. Advanced Powertrain Fuel Economies and Fleet Utility Factors

Vehicle	MPG_cs Charge Sustaining Fuel Economy (MPG)	MPG_cd Charge Depleting Fuel Economy (kWh/mi)	FUF Fleet Utility Factor*	Source
Mini-Compact Cars
Mini-compact HEV	45	N/A	0.00	NREL's Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim**)
Mini-compact PHEV10	45	26.6	0.23
Mini-compact PHEV20	44	26.2	0.4
Mini-compact PHEV40	43	31.9	0.62
Mini-compact BEV75	N/A	36.1	1.00
Sub-Compact Cars
Sub-compact HEV	42	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Sub-compact PHEV10	42	22.8	0.23
Sub-compact PHEV20	42	29.7	0.4
Sub-compact PHEV40	41	34.7	0.62
Sub-compact BEV75	N/A	38.5	1.00
Compact Cars
Compact HEV	42	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Compact PHEV10	42	30.8	0.23
Compact PHEV20	41	29.7	0.4
Compact PHEV40	40	36.5	0.62
Compact BEV75	N/A	38.9	1.00
Midsize Cars
Midsize HEV	39	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Midsize PHEV10	39	31.1	0.23
Midsize PHEV20	39	31.8	0.4
Midsize PHEV40	37	37.6	0.62
Midsize BEV75	N/A	41.6	1.00
Large Cars
Large HEV	36	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Large PHEV10	36	35.3	0.23
Large PHEV20	36	36.1	0.4
Large PHEV40	34	40.6	0.62
Large BEV75	N/A	44.5	1.00
Small Trucks
Small Truck HEV	31	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Small Truck PHEV10	31	31.8	0.23
Small Truck PHEV20	31	37.7	0.4
Small Truck PHEV40	30	46.9	0.62
Small Truck BEV75	N/A	52.4	1.00
Large Trucks
Large Truck HEV	26	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Large Truck PHEV10	26	36.5	0.23
Large Truck PHEV20	26	15.0	0.4
Large Truck PHEV40	25	55.1	0.62
Large Truck BEV75	N/A	62.1	1.00
Small Vans
Small Van HEV	32	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Small Van PHEV10	32	31.8	0.23
Small Van PHEV20	31	40.3	0.4
Small Van PHEV40	30	46.5	0.62
Small Van BEV75	N/A	50.4	1.00
Large Vans
Large Van HEV	25	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Large Van PHEV10	25	40.9	0.23
Large Van PHEV20	24	49.0	0.4
Large Van PHEV40	23	60.8	0.62
Large Van BEV75	N/A	68.1	1.00
Small SUV
Small SUV HEV	33	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Small SUV PHEV10	33	31.6	0.23
Small SUV PHEV20	33	35.8	0.4
Small SUV PHEV40	32	44.8	0.62
Small SUV BEV75	N/A	50.2	1.00
Large SUV
Large SUV HEV	25	N/A	0.00	FASTSim**
Large SUV PHEV10	25	40.9	0.23
Large SUV PHEV20	24	53.1	0.4
Large SUV PHEV40	23	64.5	0.62
Large SUV BEV75	N/A	28.0	1.00

* Fleet Utility Factor, SAE J2841_201009, Utility Factor Definitions for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using 2001 U.S. DOT National Household Travel Survey Data.
** NREL's Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim) is an advanced vehicle modeling tool used to predict energy consumption of conventional, hybrid, and all-electric powertrains over a broad range of vehicle classifications. FASTSim is a lumped-parameter model that simulates component operation and interaction subject to vehicle time/speed traces. Modeled components include: engine, electric motor/controller, traction battery, fuel tank, and wheels. Primary FASTSim outputs include city/highway fuel economy test results, acceleration capabilities, and vehicle purchase and operation costs. Additional details concerning FASTSim can be found in the following publications:

• Model-Based Analysis of Electric Drive Options for Medium-Duty Parcel Delivery Vehicles
• Technology Improvement Pathways to Cost-Effective Vehicle Electrification
• Technology Improvement Pathways to Cost-effective Vehicle Electrification
• Battery Ownership Model: A Tool for Evaluating the Economics of Electrified Vehicles and Related Infrastructure (the Vehicle Performance and Sizing Module section)

Table 4. VMT Default Values

Parameter	Value	Source
Car	11,919	Transportation Energy Data Book, 30th Edition, Davis et al. 2011. Table 4.1
LD truck	11,555	Table 4.2
MD truck < 14,000 lbs	14,094	Table 5.4
MD truck 14,000-26,000 lbs	12,964	Table 5.4, weighted avg. of class 4, 5, 6
HD truck	45,133	Table 5.4, weighted avg. of class 7, 8

Table 5. Default Values for Idle Fuel Consumption

Parameter	Value	Source
HD Diesel	0.8gal diesel/hour/vehicle	Estimation of Fuel Use by Idling Commercial Trucks, Gaines et al. 2006
MD Diesel	0.6 gal diesel/hour/vehicle
LDV Diesel	0.17 gal gal diesel/hour/vehicle
LDV Gasoline	0.23 gal gal gasoline/hour/vehicle
Average idling time per year per vehicle (OIT)	1830 hours/year

Table 6. Basic Fuel Pricing

Fuel	Fuel Price ($/unit of fuel)	Unit	Source
Biodiesel (B5)	1	Gallon	Source for all fuels except electricity: Alternative Fuel Price Report, updated quarterly. Source for electricity pricing: US Energy Information administration
Biodiesel (B10)	1	Gallon
Biodiesel (B20)	3.83	Gallon
Biodiesel (B100)	4.69	Gallon
Electricity	0.16	kWh
Natural Gas (CNG)	2.95	Gasoline Gallon Equivalent
Propane (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)	3.49	Gallon
Gasoline	3.06	Gallon
Diesel	3.94	Gallon

Table 7. Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)

Parameter	Value	Source
Light-duty (LD)	<= 10,000 lbs	TEDB 30th Edition, Davis et al. 2011
Medium-duty (MD)	10,001-26,000 lbs
Heavy-duty (HD)	> 26,001 lbs